Perfect Tenses – 完了形

Form: Present Perfect

have/has + V3.

Form: Past Perfect

had + V3.

Form: Present Perfect Continuous

have/has been + V+ing.

Use: Present Perfect

過去に始まり、現在と関連のある行動。

Use: Past Perfect

過去の別の行動よりも前に完了した行動。

since vs for

since + 時点; for + 期間。

I have lived here ___ 2010.

since.

I have lived here ___ 5 years.

for.

She has just left.

just = ちょうど今 (現在完了形)。

Have you ever been to Paris?

ever = 今までに。

I haven't seen him yet.

yet = まだ（〜ない）。

He has already finished.

already = すでに。

Past of 'go' (V3)

gone (have gone) または been (have been)。

Past of 'see' (V3)

seen.

Past of 'eat' (V3)

eaten.

Past of 'write' (V3)

written.

Past of 'speak' (V3)

spoken.

Past of 'take' (V3)

taken.

Past of 'do' (V3)

done.

Past of 'be' (V3)

been.

When I arrived, the train ___. (already left)

had already left — 過去完了形。

By next year, I ___ (graduate).

will have graduated — 未来完了形。

She ___ (study) for 3 hours.

has been studying — 現在完了進行形。

Difference: been to / gone to

been to = 訪れて戻ってきた; gone to = 行ってまだそこにいる。

I have been to Paris twice.

私はパリに2回行ったことがあります。