Perfect Tenses – Совершенные времена

Form: Present Perfect

have/has + V3.

Form: Past Perfect

had + V3.

Form: Present Perfect Continuous

have/has been + V+ing.

Use: Present Perfect

Действие, которое началось в прошлом и имеет отношение к настоящему.

Use: Past Perfect

Действие, которое завершилось до другого действия в прошлом.

since vs for

since + момент времени; for + период времени.

I have lived here ___ 2010.

since.

I have lived here ___ 5 years.

for.

She has just left.

just = только что (Present Perfect).

Have you ever been to Paris?

ever = когда-либо.

I haven't seen him yet.

yet = ещё (не).

He has already finished.

already = уже.

Past of 'go' (V3)

gone (have gone) или been (have been).

Past of 'see' (V3)

seen.

Past of 'eat' (V3)

eaten.

Past of 'write' (V3)

written.

Past of 'speak' (V3)

spoken.

Past of 'take' (V3)

taken.

Past of 'do' (V3)

done.

Past of 'be' (V3)

been.

When I arrived, the train ___. (already left)

had already left — Past Perfect.

By next year, I ___ (graduate).

will have graduated — Future Perfect.

She ___ (study) for 3 hours.

has been studying — Present Perfect Continuous.

Difference: been to / gone to

been to = посетил и вернулся; gone to = ушёл и всё ещё там.

I have been to Paris twice.

Я был в Париже дважды.