Level 1 — Absolute Beginner

Sudan is a country in Africa. There is a big desert in Sudan called the Atbai Desert. It is between the river Nile and the Red Sea.

Scientists looked at photos of the desert from space. They saw many strange circles of stones on the ground. There are about 280 circles in total.

The circles are very old. They were built more than 5,000 years ago. That is older than the pyramids of Egypt.

People long ago put their dead bodies inside the circles. They also buried cows, sheep and goats with the people. The news was shared on May 15, 2026.

Sudan

a large country in northeast Africa, south of Egypt

desert

a very dry area, often with sand and very little rain

Red Sea

the sea between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula

stone

a hard piece of natural rock

circle

a round shape, like the letter O

to bury

to put a dead body in the ground

Egypt

a country north of Sudan, home of the famous pyramids

pyramid

a very large stone building with four sides, often used as a tomb in old Egypt

Level 2 — Elementary

On May 15, 2026, a team of archaeologists from Italy, Britain and Sudan published a new study. They told the world about 280 ancient burial monuments that they had found in the Atbai Desert in eastern Sudan, between the river Nile and the Red Sea Hills.

The team used satellite photos to see the ground from very high up. The desert is very dry, dangerous and far from any town, and the scientists could not walk in the area easily because of the civil war in Sudan. Looking down from space, they could see big circles of stone on the desert floor.

Most of the circles are between 8 and 80 metres wide. The largest can be as big as a football pitch. Inside each circle, ancient people built a smaller round room of stone. They placed dead bodies there, together with the bones of cattle, sheep and goats.

Earlier studies at smaller sites like Wadi Khashab and Bir Asele have given carbon dates between about 4500 and 2000 BC. That makes the structures older than the oldest pyramids in Egypt. The people who built them were nomads, who moved their herds from place to place looking for grass and water.

archaeologist

a scientist who studies people from the past by digging up and examining the things they left behind

burial monument

a large structure built to mark the place where a person was buried

satellite photo

a picture taken by a camera on a satellite high above the Earth

civil war

a war between groups of people who live in the same country

metre

a unit of length equal to about 3.28 feet

cattle

cows and bulls kept by farmers for milk, meat or work

nomad

a person who has no fixed home and moves from place to place, often with herds of animals

BC

short for 'before Christ', used to count years before the year 1

Level 3 — Intermediate

An international team led by Andrea Manzo of the University of Naples 'L'Orientale' has used multispectral satellite imagery to map 280 previously undocumented circular and oval stone burial structures in eastern Sudan's Atbai Desert. The paper, published in the African Archaeological Review on May 15, 2026, identifies at least 260 of the structures as monumental, with diameters ranging from a modest 8 metres to a staggering 80 metres, the latter rivalling Stonehenge in surface footprint.

The Atbai stretches between the Nile and the Red Sea Hills across roughly 240,000 square kilometres of hyper-arid Nubian desert. On-the-ground archaeology in the region has been largely impossible since the Rapid Support Forces — Sudanese Armed Forces civil war erupted in April 2023, so Manzo's team relied on Pléiades-Neo and WorldView-3 panchromatic and infrared bands at sub-metre resolution. Earlier ground-truthed excavations at Wadi Khashab, Wadi el-Ku and Bir Asele yielded radiocarbon dates between approximately 4500 and 2000 BC, comfortably older than the Step Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara.

The structures share a remarkably consistent grammar. A circular outer ring of dressed sandstone or basalt blocks, sometimes ten courses high, encloses an inner ring or annexe in which the deceased was placed in flexed position alongside the bones of cattle, sheep and goats. Some larger examples include external stelae aligned to the eastern horizon, suggesting either a solar or a wet-season calendrical purpose. Manzo argues that the consistency of the form across 240,000 km² documents a single coherent funerary tradition shared by mobile pastoralist communities ('Eastern Desert Pastoralists') adapting to the rapid Saharan aridification of the mid-Holocene.

The findings have implications beyond Sudan. The Atbai monuments suggest that ceremonial complexity and monumental construction emerged in Northeast Africa among mobile, non-state societies before the rise of pharaonic Egypt — a sharp challenge to traditional narratives that have placed Egypt at the geographic and chronological centre of monumental burial in the continent. Manzo's team is now seeking additional funding from the European Research Council to dispatch a ground party under UNESCO blue-shield protocols once Sudan's security situation permits.

multispectral imagery

satellite or aerial pictures that combine several different wavelengths of light, including bands invisible to the naked eye

hyper-arid

extremely dry, receiving on average less than 50 millimetres of rainfall a year

radiocarbon dating

a technique that measures the residual carbon-14 in organic material to estimate its age

Pléiades-Neo

a constellation of four French Earth-observation satellites operated by Airbus, with 30-cm-resolution optical imagery

flexed position

a burial pose in which the body's knees are drawn up toward the chest, common in many prehistoric cultures

Level 4 — Advanced

An international team led by Andrea Manzo of the University of Naples 'L'Orientale', with co-authors from the British Museum and the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums of Sudan, has reported in the May 15, 2026 issue of the African Archaeological Review the discovery and mapping of 280 previously undocumented stone-built circular and oval burial monuments scattered across the Atbai Desert of eastern Sudan. Of these, at least 260 are large enough — diameters running from roughly 8 to 80 metres — to qualify as monumental, and to revise upward the inventory of pre-pharaonic mortuary architecture in Northeast Africa by something approaching an order of magnitude.

The Atbai is a roughly 240,000-square-kilometre wedge of hyper-arid Nubian desert lying between the Nile fold and the Red Sea Hills, traversable on foot only during a brief winter window and effectively closed since the eruption of the RSF–SAF civil war in April 2023. To overcome those constraints Manzo and his collaborators rely on a stacked imagery pipeline drawing on Airbus's 30-centimetre-resolution Pléiades-Neo constellation, on the panchromatic and short-wave-infrared bands of WorldView-3, and on Sentinel-2 multispectral data for vegetation-stress masking. Ground-truthing relies on legacy excavation reports from Wadi Khashab, Wadi el-Ku and Bir Asele, where charcoal in associated hearths has returned uncalibrated AMS radiocarbon ages clustered between 4500 and 2000 BC — neatly bracketing both the Step Pyramid of Djoser (c. 2670 BC) and the Egyptian First Dynasty.

Architecturally the Atbai monuments share a remarkably stable grammar: a dressed-stone outer enclosure of dolerite, sandstone or quartzite, sometimes preserved to ten courses; an inner annexe containing one or more articulated, flexed inhumations; and bones of cattle, ovicaprids and, more rarely, dogs deposited alongside. A subset — Manzo classifies them as 'Type C' — adds eastern-facing megalithic stelae and exterior alignments that the team tentatively reads as solstitial or calendrical, consonant with comparable Late Neolithic monuments at Nabta Playa in the Egyptian Western Desert. The structures pre-date the wheel-pottery horizon by half a millennium and the earliest Kerma royal tumuli at Sai Island by roughly two thousand years, repositioning the Eastern Desert Pastoralists from a marginal pendant to a central protagonist in the early-Holocene story of Saharan complexity.

Implications cut across several literatures. Manzo's argument that monumental burial here is the work of a mobile, kinship-organised, non-state society challenges Kent Flannery's classical 'process-of-civilisation' models, in which monumentality follows sedentism and proto-state hierarchy. The paper has already drawn measured praise from David Wengrow at UCL and from the Africanist Stephanie Wynne-Jones, and a sharper rebuttal from Toby Wilkinson, who maintains that the absence of permanent settlements complicates the claim of full social complexity. Manzo's team is now seeking €1.8 million from the European Research Council for a UNESCO blue-shield-supervised field season once the security situation permits — a window that, given the trajectory of negotiations between the RSF and the Sudanese transitional sovereign council in Jeddah, may not open before late 2027.