Perfect Tenses – Czasy Perfect

Form: Present Perfect

have/has + V3.

Form: Past Perfect

had + V3.

Form: Present Perfect Continuous

have/has been + V+ing.

Use: Present Perfect

Czynność, która rozpoczęła się w przeszłości i ma związek z teraźniejszością.

Use: Past Perfect

Czynność, która zakończyła się przed inną czynnością w przeszłości.

since vs for

since + punkt w czasie; for + okres czasu.

I have lived here ___ 2010.

since.

I have lived here ___ 5 years.

for.

She has just left.

just = właśnie, dopiero co (Present Perfect).

Have you ever been to Paris?

ever = kiedykolwiek.

I haven't seen him yet.

yet = jeszcze (nie).

He has already finished.

already = już.

Past of 'go' (V3)

gone (have gone) lub been (have been).

Past of 'see' (V3)

seen.

Past of 'eat' (V3)

eaten.

Past of 'write' (V3)

written.

Past of 'speak' (V3)

spoken.

Past of 'take' (V3)

taken.

Past of 'do' (V3)

done.

Past of 'be' (V3)

been.

When I arrived, the train ___. (already left)

had already left — Past Perfect.

By next year, I ___ (graduate).

will have graduated — Future Perfect.

She ___ (study) for 3 hours.

has been studying — Present Perfect Continuous.

Difference: been to / gone to

been to = ktoś tam był i już wrócił; gone to = ktoś tam pojechał i nadal tam jest.

I have been to Paris twice.

Byłem w Paryżu dwa razy.