Level 1 - Absolute Beginner

OpenAI is the company that made ChatGPT. On May 22, 2026, it asked to sell shares to the public. This is called an IPO.

OpenAI makes a lot of money. It earns about 25 billion dollars every year. Many people use ChatGPT every day.

OpenAI wants to be worth one trillion dollars. This is a very big number. Goldman Sachs is helping OpenAI with this plan.

company

a business that makes or sells things

shares

small pieces of a company that people can buy

IPO

when a company first sells its shares to the public for the first time

money

the coins and notes we use to buy things

earn

to receive money in exchange for work

public

all the people in a country or community

trillion

one thousand billion, a very large number

bank

a business that handles money and helps companies raise funds

Level 2 - Elementary

OpenAI, the company behind the popular chatbot ChatGPT, filed confidential papers with the US Securities and Exchange Commission on May 22, 2026. This was the first step toward an Initial Public Offering, or IPO. Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley are the banks helping OpenAI through the process.

OpenAI is targeting a public debut in the fourth quarter of 2026. The company hopes to be valued at between 852 billion and one trillion dollars. That would make it one of the most valuable companies in history.

OpenAI now earns about two billion dollars every month. Its total annual revenue has reached 25 billion dollars. However, the company is still spending more money than it earns, which is common for fast-growing technology companies.

confidential

secret; not for sharing with others

SEC

the Securities and Exchange Commission, the US agency that regulates investments

IPO

Initial Public Offering; the first time a private company sells shares to the public

debut

a first public appearance

valuation

the estimated total worth of a company

annual

happening or calculated once per year

revenue

the total money a company earns from its business before costs

trillion

one thousand billion; a very large number used for large economies and companies

Level 3 - Intermediate

OpenAI submitted a confidential S-1 registration statement to the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 22, 2026, officially beginning the process to take the company public. Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley are co-leading the offering, with JPMorgan Chase in a supporting role. Sources familiar with the filing say the company is targeting an initial valuation range of 852 billion to one trillion dollars.

The filing arrives at a remarkable moment for the AI industry. OpenAI's ChatGPT platform has 50 million consumer subscribers and nine million business users, with annualized revenue surging to 25 billion dollars as of March 2026. However, the company is burning through cash at a rapid pace, spending 1.22 dollars for every dollar it earns, partly because of the enormous cost of running AI data centers and training large models.

A confidential S-1 allows a company to work through regulatory review with the SEC privately before making its finances public. If no objections arise, OpenAI could file a public prospectus as early as mid-August 2026, paving the way for a Nasdaq debut in September. The listing would potentially be the largest tech IPO since Alibaba raised 25 billion dollars in 2014.

S-1

the registration form a company files with the SEC before an IPO

prospectus

a formal document describing a company's finances and plans for potential investors

burn rate

how fast a company spends its cash reserves before becoming profitable

annualized

calculated as if the current pace continued for a full year

registration

the formal process of recording a company's securities with a government regulator

subscriber

a person who pays a regular fee to use a service

debut

a company's first day trading on a stock exchange

regulatory

relating to rules set by a government body to control an industry

Level 4 - Advanced

OpenAI filed a confidential S-1 registration statement with the Securities and Exchange Commission on Friday, May 22, 2026, formally initiating the process that could transform the world's most prominent artificial-intelligence laboratory into a publicly traded entity. Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley are acting as joint book-runners, with JPMorgan Chase occupying a co-manager slot. People briefed on the matter said the company is marketing itself at a valuation corridor of 852 billion to one trillion dollars -- figures that would rank it alongside Apple and Nvidia as one of the most capitalised companies in market history.

The filing crystallizes a period of furious growth: ChatGPT commands 50 million paying consumer subscribers and nine million enterprise seats, underpinning an annualized revenue run rate of 25 billion dollars as of March 2026, a figure that stood at roughly 500 million dollars when Sam Altman returned as CEO in November 2023. The ascent, however, has been expensive: OpenAI's cost structure currently requires it to spend approximately 1.22 dollars for every dollar of revenue, a ratio driven by the capital intensity of frontier model training and the operational overhead of serving hundreds of millions of inference requests each day.

A confidential submission under the JOBS Act permits OpenAI to iterate on regulatory feedback privately before making its prospectus publicly accessible, typically six weeks before the roadshow. Should the SEC review proceed without material comment, market participants expect OpenAI to print a public S-1 by mid-August, with a Nasdaq listing targeted for the back half of September. If priced at the upper bound of the valuation range, the offering would eclipse Alibaba's 25-billion-dollar September 2014 raise as the largest-ever tech IPO by capital raised.

The timing exposes competitive dynamics that extend far beyond one company: SpaceX is simultaneously preparing its own confidential S-1, and Anthropic's rumoured 2027 listing would complete an AI-sector trifecta. Analysts at Morgan Stanley estimate that the three offerings collectively could absorb upward of 80 billion dollars of institutional allocation, testing the depth of a market already re-rated at multiples last seen during the dot-com peak. For OpenAI, the IPO also represents a structural milestone: converting from a capped-profit LLC to a public Delaware C-corp imposes fiduciary duties to shareholders that will constrain its ability to prioritise safety research and long-horizon bets over quarterly earnings guidance.

book-runner

the lead investment bank responsible for managing and pricing a securities offering

capped-profit

a corporate structure that limits investor returns to protect the organization's non-profit mission

crystallizes

makes something clear and definite; in markets, converts an unrealized situation into a concrete event

fiduciary