Key Russian terms of academic and scientific writing, from research methods to statistics and argumentation.
гипоте́за (ж)
hypothesis: an assumption to be tested scientifically
теори́я (ж)
theory: a body of established knowledge that explains phenomena
мето́д (м)
method: a systematic way of researching or studying
анали́з (м)
analysis: breaking something into parts in order to examine it
синте́з (м)
synthesis: combining parts into a single whole
инду́кция (ж)
induction: reasoning from particular data to a general principle
деду́кция (ж)
deduction: reasoning from a general principle to a particular case
паради́гма (ж)
paradigm: a basic pattern or model for scientific inquiry
классифика́ция (ж)
classification: arranging things into categories
катего́рия (ж)
category: a group of things sharing common features
конце́пция (ж)
concept: a basic idea or general view
моде́ль (ж)
model: a simplified representation of a problem for study
параме́тр (м)
parameter: a variable that affects an outcome
переме́нная (ж)
variable: a quantity that can change in an experiment
корреля́ция (ж)
correlation: a relationship between things that vary together
фу́нкция (ж)
function: a mathematical relationship between variables
гра́фик (м)
graph: a drawing showing the relationship between variables
диагра́мма (ж)
diagram, chart: a picture representing data or a process
табли́ца (ж)
table: information arranged in rows and columns
статисти́ка (ж)
statistics: the science of collecting and analysing data
вы́борка (ж)
sample: part of a larger group selected for study
популя́ция (ж)
population: the whole group of individuals or items
сре́днее значе́ние (с)
mean, average: the sum of all values divided by their number
мо́да (ж)
mode: the most frequent value in a set (also "fashion")
медиа́на (ж)
median: the middle value when data are ordered
отклоне́ние (с)
deviation: the difference between an actual and an expected value
диспе́рсия (ж)
variance: a measure of how data are spread around the mean
станда́ртное отклоне́ние (с)
standard deviation: the square root of the variance
вероя́тность (ж)
probability: the likelihood of a given event
экспериме́нт (м)
experiment: a deliberate test under controlled conditions
контро́льная гру́ппа (ж)
control group: the group that receives no treatment in an experiment
контроли́руемая переме́нная (ж)
control variable: a factor kept constant in an experiment
незави́симая переме́нная (ж)
independent variable: the factor that is changed in an experiment
зави́симая переме́нная (ж)
dependent variable: the effect or outcome being measured
репли́кация (ж)
replication: repeating an experiment to confirm results
вали́дность (ж)
validity: how sound a result or scientific model is
надёжность (ж)
reliability: the consistency and dependability of a measurement
обобще́ние (с)
generalization: a general conclusion drawn from particular examples
заключе́ние (с)
conclusion: a final judgement based on evidence
аргуме́нтация (ж)
argumentation: presenting arguments and evidence to prove a point