Level 1 — Absolute Beginner

Scientists have found very old bones in Ethiopia. The bones are from animals that walked on two feet, like people do.

The bones are about 2.6 million years old. That is a very long time ago.

The bones come from two different kinds of early human cousins. One kind is in our own family, called Homo. The other kind is a new kind of Australopithecus.

Both kinds lived in the same place at the same time. That means there was not just one path from ape to human. There were many cousins all at once.

bone

a hard white part inside the body of a person or animal

old

having lived for a long time

Ethiopia

a country in East Africa

scientist

a person who studies how the world works

cousin

a close family member

ape

a big animal with no tail, like a chimpanzee or gorilla

human

a person like you and me

family

people or animals that are related to each other

Level 2 — Elementary

On May 14, scientists published an important paper in the journal Nature. The paper describes new fossils from Ethiopia. The fossils are pieces of two jawbones, and they are between 2.6 and 2.8 million years old.

The team works at a site called Ledi-Geraru, in the Afar region in the north-east of the country. One jaw has small teeth that match the early members of our own genus, Homo. The other jaw has bigger teeth and belongs to a kind of Australopithecus that has never been seen before.

Older fossils from the same area already showed that two other relatives lived nearby: Australopithecus garhi and a tough-toothed group called Paranthropus. With the new finds, at least four different kinds of human relatives were walking the same plains at the same time.

This is a big change for the family tree of humans. For many years, books showed a straight line from ape to human. Now we know that line was really a thick bush, with many cousins living together and probably competing for food and shade.

fossil

the hard remains of a plant or animal kept in rock for a very long time

jawbone

the bone that holds the teeth in the lower part of the mouth

genus

a group of closely related kinds of plants or animals in the system of biology

Homo

the genus that modern humans belong to

Australopithecus

an early genus of human relative that walked on two legs in Africa

Paranthropus

a group of robust, big-jawed human cousins that lived in Africa millions of years ago

Afar

a hot, dry region in north-east Ethiopia famous for early human fossils

family tree

a diagram that shows how members of a family are related to each other

Level 3 — Intermediate

An international team led by Brian Villmoare of the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and Kaye Reed of Arizona State University's Institute of Human Origins published a paper in Nature on May 14 describing two newly recovered hominin jaw fragments from the Ledi-Geraru research area in Ethiopia's lower Awash basin. Argon-argon dating of overlying tuff and palaeomagnetic correlation place the fossils between 2.59 and 2.78 million years old.

The first jaw, catalogued LD 350-2, shows the small canines, narrow premolars and parabolic dental arcade typical of early Homo and aligns closely with the LD 350-1 mandible the team had previously described from the same horizon. The second, LD 351-1, has notably larger molars and a much more robust corpus, but lacks the hyper-megadont thickening of Paranthropus; its morphology fits no named species. The authors argue it represents a previously unrecognised late Australopithecus that persisted into the very window in which our own genus first appears.

Combined with earlier discoveries of Australopithecus garhi from the nearby Bouri Formation and Paranthropus aethiopicus material from East Turkana, the Ledi-Geraru horizon now records at least four contemporaneous hominin lineages walking the same lake-margin savanna between roughly 2.6 and 2.8 million years ago. Stable-isotope work on the associated fauna suggests a mosaic environment of C4 grassland with riparian woodland — exactly the kind of landscape that ecologists would expect to support multiple closely related but ecologically separated species.

The implications for textbook narratives are considerable. The familiar linear 'ape-to-human' diagram running from australopith to Homo no longer survives the data; instead, the period of our own genus's emergence appears to have been a brief, evolutionarily crowded interval. The team's next field season, beginning in October 2026, will focus on recovering postcranial material that might illuminate how the two co-occurring species partitioned locomotion, diet and territory.

hominin

any species in the evolutionary group that includes modern humans and our extinct close relatives

argon-argon dating

a radiometric technique that uses the decay of potassium to argon isotopes in volcanic ash to determine an age

palaeomagnetic correlation

matching the magnetic polarity recorded in rock layers against the known global timeline of magnetic reversals

parabolic dental arcade

a tooth row shaped like a parabola, characteristic of Homo and unlike the U-shaped arcades of apes

megadont

having unusually large molars relative to body size, a hallmark of robust australopithecines

mosaic environment

a landscape that mixes several habitat types such as grassland, woodland and wetland in close proximity

stable-isotope analysis

Level 4 — Advanced

A multi-institutional team led by Brian Villmoare of UNLV and Kaye Reed of Arizona State University's Institute of Human Origins reported in Nature on May 14, 2026 on two newly recovered hominin mandibular fragments — catalogued LD 350-2 and LD 351-1 — from the Lee Adoyta sub-basin of the Ledi-Geraru research area in the lower Awash valley of Ethiopia's Afar Triangle. Argon-argon ages on the overlying Gurumaha tuff (2.587 ± 0.013 Ma) and on the underlying Lee Adoyta II tuff (2.781 ± 0.011 Ma), together with magnetostratigraphic placement just below the Matuyama–Gauss reversal, bracket the specimens to between 2.59 and 2.78 million years ago.

LD 350-2, a partial right corpus preserving P3 through M2, displays the parabolic post-canine arcade, narrow premolars, reduced canine alveoli and gracile corpus depth that define the earliest Homo morphotype documented in 2015 from the adjacent LD 350-1 specimen. By contrast, LD 351-1 — a near-complete left hemi-mandible preserving the canine through M3 — combines unusually large bunodont molars and a corpus depth well above the Australopithecus afarensis range with a mental foramen position and symphyseal cross-section that exclude both Paranthropus aethiopicus and Paranthropus boisei. The authors interpret it as a heretofore unrecognised, geologically late member of the Australopithecus clade, formally describing it as Australopithecus deyiremeda lediensis pending a fuller cladistic analysis in a companion paper currently in review at the Journal of Human Evolution.

Together with Australopithecus garhi from the Bouri Formation (2.5 Ma), Paranthropus aethiopicus from the Omo Shungura Formation Member F and East Turkana (2.6–2.5 Ma), and the genus Homo represented locally by LD 350-1 and LD 350-2, the Ledi-Geraru horizon now records at least four broadly contemporaneous hominin lineages. Stable-carbon isotope ratios in the dental enamel of associated suid, bovid and equid faunas point to a mosaic of riparian C3 woodland intercalated within a regionally expanding C4 grassland — precisely the ecological context predicted by character-displacement models to permit several closely related but trophically differentiated hominin species to co-occur.

The most consequential point of the paper is interpretive. The data finally retire the textbook scala naturae of an australopith-to-Homo single-file lineage at the Pliocene–Pleistocene boundary and replace it with a brief, evolutionarily crowded radiation in which our own genus emerges as one branch among several, rather than as the inevitable terminus of a linear sequence. Field operations resume at Ledi-Geraru in October 2026, with priority on the recovery of postcranial material that might constrain how the co-occurring Homo and Australopithecus species partitioned locomotion, diet breadth and home range — and, by extension, on the still-open question of why our lineage was the one that persisted.

mandibular

of or relating to the mandible, that is, the lower jaw

tuff