The core concepts of classical Arabic rhetoric (balagha): figurative language, simile, metonymy and metaphor, plus the terms used to discuss style, rhythm and effect.
البلاغة
rhetoric, eloquence (the art of effective speech)
الاستعارة
metaphor
الاستعارة المكنية
implied metaphor (the thing compared to is omitted and only hinted at)
الاستعارة المصرحة
explicit metaphor (the thing compared to is stated outright)
التشبيه
simile, comparison
التشبيه البليغ
eloquent simile (with both the particle of comparison and the shared quality omitted)
الكناية
metonymy, allusion (kinaya)
المجاز المرسل
synecdoche, non-metaphorical figurative usage (majaz mursal)
المجاز العقلي
attributive figurative usage (majaz aqli), assigning an action to something other than its real doer
الطباق
antithesis (tibaq)
المقابلة
parallel contrast, juxtaposition of opposing ideas (muqabala)
الجناس
paronomasia (words that sound alike but differ in meaning)
التورية
double entendre (a word with a near and a far meaning)
الإطناب
deliberate amplification, elaboration
الإيجاز
concision, brevity
حسن التقسيم
elegant division (of a topic into its parts)
التعليل
giving reasons, justification
الاستفهام البلاغي
rhetorical question
التعجب البلاغي
rhetorical exclamation
النفي البلاغي
rhetorical negation
الحذف البلاغي
rhetorical ellipsis (deliberately leaving words out for effect)
التقديم والتأخير
fronting and postponing (changing normal word order for emphasis)
السجع
rhymed prose (saj')
الفاصلة
verse ending, rhyming end of a phrase (fasila)
البديع
embellishment (badi', the art of rhetorical ornament)
حُسن التعبير
expressive beauty
الفن الأدبي
literary art
المعنى الضمني
implicit meaning, underlying content
الدلالة
signification, meaning, indication
الإيحاء
suggestion, connotation
القوة التأثيرية
persuasive power, impact
المناسبة
appropriateness, suitability (to context)
التنغيم
intonation
الإيقاع
rhythm
الموسيقى اللغوية
the music of language, phonetic musicality
البناء الفني
artistic structure
الرقة في التعبير
delicacy of expression
الجزالة
forcefulness and stateliness of style (jazala)
الروعة
splendour, magnificence
التأثير النفسي
psychological effect